Tani et al
Vitamin B12 repletion, particularly in severe cases, takes weeks
Some clinicians hypothesise that these medications might also affect saliva composition or flow, though this remains speculative
GLP-1 has a variety of effects, originating from the presence of its receptors in specific nuclei of the lung, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, heart, bone, central nervous system, etc
Dietary intake of L-carnitine could reduce the unbalance between protein anabolism (synthesis) and catabolism (degradation) leading to wear and tear of bone muscle
But because these effects are dose-dependent, clinical trial data has consistently shown that the frequency and severity of GI side effects are significantly higher at the maximum therapeutic doses compared to the lower, initial titration doses